Urine analysis (or urinalysis, as it is commonly known) refers to a wide range of different tests which are employed in both human and veterinary medicine for a variety of screening and diagnostic applications.

There are even forms of urinalysis testing systems which are available to the consumer over the counter (many home pregnancy tests, for example). Whether to establish a diagnosis on the basis of the presence of microbes or the telltale signs of microbial activity in the urine, to measure the content of specific compounds or metabolites in the urine such as in drug testing applications or any of the numerous other applications, urine analysis is often an important part of health maintenance and courses of therapeutic treatment.

The first step in most urinalysis procedures is to visually inspect the urine, checking for cloudiness in the urine which may indicate an abnormally large amount of proteins or other cellular material in the urine. The color of the urine is also examined, since color can indicate certain conditions; for example, a red or reddish brown cast in a urine sample is often a sign of hemoglobin or myglobin in the urine (though it can also be caused by some drugs, food coloring additives or even eating fresh beets).

Protein screening is another common urine analysis task, particularly in the case of patients providing a cloudy or otherwise turbid urine sample; a protein screen can determine if the patient may be suffering from nephritic syndrome or other kidney ailments. Urine is also commonly screened for glucose content, an excessive amount of which in the urine generally indicated diabetes.

Urinalysis can be used to diagnose some bacterial and viral infections, such as E. coli, which is detectable in urine tests when a positive result is obtained from a nitrite test. Gram-negative rod shaped bacteria (including E. coli) tend to produce these results in when a urine analysis procedure is performed. Urine may also be tested for the presence of bacteria by being cultured and bacterial colonies counted.

The specific gravity of the urine is also generally measured as part of urinalysis procedures - the specific gravity can reveal much about the state of the patient’s health, particularly as this relates to their kidneys. This measurement is made by comparing the urine’s specific gravity compared to that of plain water.

1. Multi-dose vials and injecting the possibility of seasonal and H1N1 swine influenza vaccines contain mercury, which is a known neurotoxin.

2. Vaccines contain formaldehyde and formaldehyde exposure has been shown to increase the risk of some cancers.

3. It is unknown whether H1N1 vaccine is safe to give all pregnant women, children and adults, especially if they are chronically ill or sick at the time of vaccination.

4. There was an increased risk of Gullain-Bar syndrome (GBS), sometimes fatal inflammation of the nerves, after vaccination against swine flu in 1976.

5. BGS and inflammation of the brain was reported after vaccination against seasonal influenza.

6. Swine influenza vaccines have not been evaluated by the ability to cause cancer, damage genes, or impair fertility.

7. It is not known whether the swine influenza H1N1 vaccine can harm the fetus if given to pregnant women.

8. A vaccine against H1N1 influenza liner manufacturer states that the immune response and safety only
assessment “in 31 children aged 6-26 months.”

9. Live virus H1N1 swine influenza nasal spray vaccine is not recommended for pregnant women, children under the age of two years or anyone with a history of asthma.

10. Influenza H1N1 swine influenza was associated with more severe disease or more people than seasonal influenza strains that circulated in the past few decades.